Teasing out how slow, silent earthquakes respond to tidal forces lets
researchers calculate the friction inside the fault, which could help
understand when and how the more hazardous earthquakes occur.
A University of Washington seismologist who studies slow-slip quakes
has looked at how they respond to tidal forces from celestial bodies and
used the result to make a first direct calculation of friction deep on
the fault. Though these events occur much deeper and on a different type
of fault than the recent catastrophe in Nepal, the findings could
improve general understanding of when and how faults break.
The new study, published online April 27 in Nature Geoscience,
shows that the gravitational pull of the sun and the moon affect the
Cascadia fault a few days after it has started slipping. The timing of
movement suggests that the friction at this depth on the fault is only
0.1, roughly that of two pieces of lubricated metal.
"I was able to tease out the effect of friction and found that it is
not the friction of normal rocks in the lab -- it's much lower," said
author Heidi Houston, a UW professor of Earth and space sciences. "It's
closer to Teflon than to sandpaper."
The surprising results of the new study could help to better model
the physics of these systems, and they could even tell us something
about the frictional forces in the locked portion of the fault where
hazardous earthquakes occur.
The research looked at six recent slow-slip events along the Cascadia
subduction zone, one of the best-studied places for these enigmatic
slow quakes. The slow quakes are accompanied by tremors, weak seismic
vibrations previously thought to be random noise. The tremors begin
every 12 to 14 months below Puget Sound, Washington, and then travel
north and south at about 5 miles (8 kilometers) per day for several
weeks, affecting each section of the fault for about five days.
The paper looks at how the gravitational pull of the sun and moon,
which slightly deform Earth and oceans, affect forces along, across and
inside the fault, and what that means for the slow-slip seismic activity
more than 20 miles (35 kilometers) underground.
Results show that on the first day of tremors, the tidal forces don't
matter much. But starting at about 1 1/2 days -- when Houston thinks
minerals that had been deposited from the surrounding fluid and that
held the fault together may have broken -- the additional pull of the
tides does have an effect.
"Three days after the slipping has begun, the fault is very sensitive
to the tides, and it almost slips only when the tides are encouraging
it," Houston said.
"It implies that something is changing on the fault plane over those five days."
By averaging across many sections of the fault, and over all six
events, she found that the amount of the tremor increases exponentially
with increasing tidal force.
Regular fast earthquakes are also very slightly affected by the
tides, but they are overwhelmed by other forces and the effect is almost
too small to detect.
There is no need for worry, Houston says -- even when celestial
bodies line up to generate the biggest king tides, the effect would only
rarely be enough to actually trigger a slow-slip quake, much less a
regular earthquake. But it does tell us something about the physics of a
crucial process that can't be easily studied in the lab.
"We want to understand the physics of what is happening, to
understand and predict how the fault is storing stress, and how it's
going to relieve stress," Houston said. "Friction is a big piece of
that. And it turns out that this part of the fault is much slipperier
than previously thought."
Slow-slip earthquakes relieve stress right where they slipped, but
the movement actually places more stress on neighboring parts of the
fault, including the so-called locked zone, where a rupture can cause
the most damaging type of earthquakes.
In Cascadia's slow-slip events the fault will move about an inch (3
centimeters) over several days, with different parts of the fault moving
at different times. When the shallower "locked zone" ruptures, by
contrast, a large section of the fault can lurch over 60 feet (18
meters) in minutes. When this occurs, as it does about every 500 years
in a magnitude 9 on the Cascadia subduction zone, it generates strong
damaging seismic waves in Earth's crust.
Still unknown is how slow-slip events are related to the more
damaging quakes. A shallower slow-slip event was detected in the weeks
before the deadly 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami, on a fault like
Cascadia's where an ocean plate plunges below a continental plate.
"Understanding slow slip and tremor could give us some way to monitor
what is happening in the shallower, locked part of the fault," Houston
said. "Geophysicists started with the picture of just a flat plane of
sandpaper, but that picture is evolving."
This story is taken from Science Daily
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